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Civil Engineering Fundamentals of Reinforced Concrete Design

par: M Chemroukh
Disponible
Pages 342
Dimensions 16*23,5
Publication 2025-12-16
Éditeur —
Papier : 1 600.00 DA Numérique: 800.00 DA

This book is directed primarily at students enrolled in civil engineering, in hydraulic engineering and in architecture at universities and higher schools. It is also recommended for all those who intervene in the building act, in need for updating their knowledge on the behaviour of reinforced concrete as the most widely used construction material of our time. They will certainly find in its content concise details on scientific theories and basic principles and on the design procedures. In effect, the content of this book is articulated principally around the structural behaviour of reinforced concrete, as a construction material by excellence, used in all the fields of civil engineering. The content of the book stresses on a sound comprehension and understanding of the fundamentals of the structural behaviour of this composed building material in the aim of providing solutions to practical problems regularly encountered by the construction industry in Algeria. It is in complement of the reinforced concrete design methods exposed in a synthetized manner in universal technical documents and application guides called ‘reinforced concrete buildings design codes’, in use throughout the world. The argument being that a structural conception should not be only a succession of steps edited in a building code, but should rather be founded on scientific principles, behaviour laws and concepts established and confirmed by research results made known to the scientific communities through international publications, such as listed in the bibliographical references of this manuscript. Reinforced concrete, being made of concrete and steel, is a fundamentally heterogeneous material, and hence the laws of the strength of materials established for homogeneous materials such as steel can not be applied to it directly. However, in certain cases, by adopting certain hypothesis and using certain devices, some of the laws and principles of the strength of materials may be applied to reinforced concrete in the aim of facilitating the design methods of this building material of a widespread use. The design principle of reinforced concretes structures consists of verifying the safety and the serviceability of the critical sections, defined as the most stressed parts of a structural member. This always calls for the study of one or more sections subjected to given forces such as axial compression, axial tension, simple flexural bending, combined axial load and bending moment, shear force, whatever is the structure in consideration. Hence, it is fundamentally necessary to know how to design a section subjected to one or more forces combined in order to study and design a structure made of reinforced concrete. In this sense, it is obvious that the behaviour under load and the functioning of a reinforced concrete member can be understood only if all the properties of the constituting materials are known and understood. This calls for the presentation of the content of this book in two parts: Part I: Tools for de the design in reinforced concrete, Part II: Design of reinforced concrete sections subjected to different forces. After a brief insight on the principle of reinforced concrete and its advantages and inconveniencies as a structural material (chapter 1), and after a concise explanation of the concepts used in the limit state design method, used throughout the world today, by comparison to the design method based on the working stresses used in the past (chapter 2), the first part examines in details the constructive properties required for the constitutive materials making reinforced concrete, which are concrete and steel, and presents the prescriptions of the building code used in Algeria concerning these constitutive materials (chapter 3). This is followed by a study of the different loading actions and the resulting load combinations for obtaining the worst cases of forces which may be acting on a reinforced concrete structure, as presented in chapter 4. The last chapter of this part (chapter 5) stresses on the complexity of reinforced concrete material, due to its heterogeneity and to its concrete-steel composition, which is in need of a perfect bond for the complementarity of the two materials to be fully activated, and presents the different hypothesis universally adopted for the design of structural members made of this composed material and subjected to the different forces which may be acting in practice. The second part, titled ‘design of reinforced concrete sections’, exposes the design methodology for safety and serviceability verification of sections in reinforced concrete subjected to the forces that may be acting, namely: axial tension (chapter 6), axial compression (chapter 7,) simple flexure (chapter 8), simple flexure applied to a rectangular section (chapter 9), simple flexure applied to a flanged section (chapter 10 T-section), shear force (chapter 11), combined flexural bending and axial load (chapter 12). For comprehension and understanding, all the design methods and principles are further explained and clarified by application exercises and problems with solutions. Some of the problems and exercises were exam subjects during my thirty six years of university lecturing at the graduate level as well as the post graduate level, in Algeria and abroad; the rest were applications work for my past students, some of whom are now themselves university Professors and Senior Lecturers.

Afficher la table des matières
Preface 03
Contents 06
Chapter 1 : History of concrete - principle of reinforced concrete as a construction material 13
1. Introduction - concrete and its evolution throughout the time
2. Principle of reinforced concrete
2.1. Definition 15
2.2. The functioning of a reinforced concrete member
2.3. Manufacturing reinforced concrete 17
2.4. Fields of Application (uses of reinforced concrete)
3. Advantages and inconveniencies of reinforced concrete
3.1. Advantages of reinforced concrete as a building material
3.2. Inconveniencies of reinforced concrete as a building material
3.3. Synthesis – Scientific argumentation 12
Chapter 2 : Limit state design concepts 23
1. Objectives of a structural design 24
2. The limite state design philosophy 26
3. Characteristic strength and characteristic load 27
3.1. Characteristic strength 27
3.2. Characteristic load 29
4. Partial safety factors 31
Chapter 3 : Properties of the materials constituting
reinforced concrete 33
1. Concrete 34
1.1. Qualities required 34
1.2. Mechanical strengths 36
1.2.1. Compression strength 38
1.2.2. Strength in tension 38
1.3. Concrete deformations 48
1.3.1. Instantaneous deformation 48
1.3.2. Design stress-strain curve or idealized stress-strain curve 49
1.3-3. Long term deformations
1.3.4. Poisson’s coefficient μ of concrete 54
1.3.5. Thermal expansion coefficient of concrete 54
1.3.6. Temperature effect on concrete 55
2. Steel for reinforcement 56
2.1. Classification 56
2.2. Classes 56
2.3. Actual Stress-strain curve of steel 56
2.4. Stress-strain curve for design 58
2.5. Limitation of the steel stress at the serviceability limit state 59
3. Application exercises 60
Chapter 4 : Loads and Load combinations 61
1. Acting loads 62
1.1. Definition 62
1.2. Permanente Loads 62
1.3. Variable loads (imposed loads) 63
1.4. Accidental Loads 65
2. Load combinations - Design forces 65
2.1. Definition 65
2.2. Load combinations for the Ultimate Limit State (ULS) 65
2.3. Load combinations for the serviceability limit state (SLS) 68
2.4. Load Combinations in the cases of current buildings 69
3. Exercises with solutions 72
Chapter 5 : Hypothesis in reinforced concrete design 91
1. Introduction 92
2. Fundamental hypothesis for reinforced concrete design 92
2.1. Conservation of sections 92
2.2. Bond concrete-steel 92
2.3. Concrete in tension neglected in design
2.4. Principle of reinforced concrete design 92
3. Complementary hypothesis at ULS according to BAEL91/99 93
4. Complementary hypothesis at SLS according to BAEL91/99 93
chapter 6 : Reinforced concrete sections subjected to axial tension loads 97
1. Definition 98
2. Design of reinforcements 99
2.1. Condition of non-fragility
2.2. Design at the Ultimate Limit State (ULS) 2.3. Design at the serviceability limit state (SLS)
2.4. Conclusion
2.5. The role of concrete in axial tension design 2.5. Transverse reinforcements
2.6. Practical considerations
3. Exercises with solutions
Chapter 7 : Reinforced concrete sections subjected to
axial compression Loads
1. Definition
2. Buckling of structural members in compression
2.1. Buckling principle
2.2. Buckling length or effective length of a column
2.3. Slenderness of a column
3. Design method for security
3.1. Need for reinforcement in axial compression 3.2. Design for ultimate strength
3.3. Design for stability
4. Sizing of a section under axial compression
5. Sizing of a section under axial compression
6. Exercises and exam problems with solutions
Chapter 8 : Reinforced concrete sections under simple
flexural bending – design principle, equilibrium
equations -
1. Definition of simple flexural bending
2. Notations used in this analysis
3. Design principle and equilibrium equations
3.1. Recalling some hypothesis and equilibrium equations
3.2. Development of equilibrium equations
Chapter 9 : Reinforced concrete sections under flexural
bending: Design of rectangular sections
1. Rectangular section without compression reinforcement
1.1. Design at the ULS
1.2. Design at the SLS
2. The concept of limit bending moment
3. Rectangular section with compression steel reinforcement
3.1. Less prejudicial cracking 173
3.2. Cracking prejudicial or very prejudicial 178
4. General conclusion - Recapitulation 180
5. Stress calculations at the SLS 181
6. Determination of the dimensions of a rectangular section 183
7. Exercises and problems with solutions 184
Chapter 10 : Reinforced concrete sections under flexural bending: Design of T-sections 233
1. Definition of a section having a T shape 234
2. Design of T-section in reinforced concrete 235
2.1. Design of T-section under the effect of a negative bending
moment (flange in tension, web in compression) 235
2.2. Design of T-section under the effect of a positive bending
moment (flange in compression, web in tension) 236
2.2.1. Design at the ULS 236
2.2.2. Design at the SLS (cracking prejudicial or very prejudicial) 239
3. Exercises with solutions 243
Chapter 11 : Design of reinforced concrete sections for shear forces 251
1. Tangent stresses – inclined cracking 252
1.1. Evidencing tangent shear stress and longitudinal shear stress 252
1.2. Nature of cracking induced by shear force 255
2. Determination of the tangent stress 256
3. Design of the transverse reinforcement 257
3.1. Limiting value of the tangent stress 258
3.2. Area and spacing of the transverse reinforcement 259
3.2.1. Particular case of simple flexure with vertical stirrups and links 261
3.2.2. Minimum area of transverse reinforcements 262
3.3. Reduced shear force 262
3.4. Shear force in slabs 263
4. Influence of a shear force at the vicinity of supports 263
5. The ‘sewing’ rule 266
6. Junction between the flange and the web in T-beam 267
7. Exercises and Problems with solutions
Chapter 12 : Design of reinforced concrete sections
subjected to combined axial load and bending
moment
1. Definition of a combined N-M action 2. Design of sections under combined axial load and bending
moment by the analytical method
2.1. Sections entirely in tension
2.2. Sections Partially in Compression
2.3. Section entirely in compression
3. Design of sections under combined axial load and bending
moment by the interaction diagrams method 3.1. Principle of interaction diagram axial load-bending moment (N-M)
3.2. Use of interaction diagrams to design sections under combined
axial load and bending moment (N; M)
4. Exercises with solutions Bibliographical References
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