Foreword 03
Summary 04
contents 05
List of figures 09
List of tables 11
General introduction 13
Chapter I: Laws of perfect gases 15
I.1. Ideal gases 16
I.1.1. Perfect gases equation 19
I.1.2. Normal conditions, standard conditions and ambient conditions
I.1.3. Molar volume of gases
I.1.4. Application exercises 19
I.2. Mole number and atomic mass
I.2. 1. Mole number 20
I.2. 2. Atomic mass 21
I.3. Physical quantities and dimensions
I.3. 1. Physical quantities 22
I.3. 2. Notion of dimension
I.3. 3. The seven fundamental dimensions
I.3. 4. Dimensional equations 23
I.4. Concentration Of A Solution
I.4. 1. Definition of the solution
I.4 .2. Solution characteristics 25
I.4. 2. 1. Solution concentration
I.4. 2. 2 Mass percentage (%m)
I.4. 2. 3. Molar fraction (Xi)
I.4. 2. 4. Solution density (d)
I.4. 2. 5. Dilution factor
I.4. 3. Some basic calculations
I.5. Technological applications in which gases play a role
I.5. 1. Main points of kinetic gas theory
I.5. 2. Diffusion and effusion
I.6. Density and density of perfect gases
I.6. 1. Pressure conversion 29
I.7. Mixtures of perfect gases
I.7. 1. Definition of an ideal mixture
I.7. 2. Molar fraction of constituent i in a mixture
I.7. 3 .Partial pressure of a constituent i
I.7. 4. Average molar mass of a mixture of gases
I.7. 5. Density of a mixture of gases
I.8. Pollution measurement units 32
I.9. Expression Of Results 32
I.9. 1. Pressure and temperature conditions 28
I.9. 2. Wet-dry conditions 32
I.9. 3. Conversion ppm-mg/Nm0 33
Chapter II : Main pollutants in gaseous effluents 35
II.1. Formation mechanisms of the main gaseous pollutants 36
II.1.1. Carbon dioxide (CO2) 36
II.1.2. Carbon monoxide (CO) 37
II.1.3. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 37
II.1.4. Ozone (O3) 37
II.1.5. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) 38
II.1.6. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including benzene (C6H6) 39
II.1.7. Suspended particulates (PES) 39
II. 2. Composition and origin of the particulate phase 40
II. 3. Air pollution indicators and parameters 42
II. 3.1. Polluants from stationary sources 42
II. 3.2. Polluants from mobile sources 43
II. 3.3. Secondary polluants 43
II.4. législation and recommendations on pollutant emissions 44
II. 4.1. European recommendations 44
II. 4.2. Algerian recommendations 44
II. 5. conclusion 48
Chapter III : Gas and particle measurements 49
III. 1. Measurement of physical parameters
III. 1.1. Pressure measurement in the gaseous effluent’s channel.
III. 1.2. Temperature measurement of gaseous effluents
III. 1.3. Measuring the velocity of gaseous effluents
III. 1.3.1. Differential pressure manometers (Prandtl tube and Pitot tube in S) 50
III. 1.3.2. Reel anemometers
III. 1.4. Average velocity v of gaseous effluents
III.2. Measuring atmospheric emissions of gases and particles
III. 2.1. Emission measurement constraints
III. 2.2. Measurement sections and representativeness of measures
III. 2.3.2. measuring section 55
III. 2.3.3. Sampling strategy: representativeness in time and space 53
III. 2.4. The different types of measurement methods at the emission of
fixed sources 58
III. 2.4.1 Continuous measurements 58
III. 2.4.2. Manual measurements 58
III. 2.4.3. Semi-continuous measurements 59
III. 2.5. The different methods of direct debit 60
III.2.5.1. In situ sampling techniques 60
III. 2.5.2. Extractive sampling techniques 61
III.3.The principles of gas and particle analysis 61
III. 3.1. Particle analysis 62
III. 3.2. Analysis of gaseous compounds 68
III. 3.2.1. Analysis by gas chromatography 68
III. 3.2.2. Analysis by liquid chromatography 70
III. 3.2.3. Main techniques for measuring gaseous effluents 70
Chapter IV: Processes for treating pollution from stationary sources 81
IV.1. Treatment of gaseous effluents 82
IV.1. 1. Technique selection criteria
IV.1. 2. Gaseous effluent treatment processes
IV.1. 2. 1. Recuperative treatment techniques
IV.1. 2. 1. 1. Absorption
IV.1. 2. 1. 2. Adsorption
IV.1. 2. 1. 3. Condensation
IV.1. 2. 1. 4. Conclusions about recovery techniques
IV.1. 2. 2. Destructive techniques
IV.1. 2. 2. 1. Thermal oxidation 82
a) Principle 100
b) Installation 101
c) Regenerative - recuperative thermal oxidation
d) Catalytic thermal oxidation 102
e) Conclusions 102
IV.1. 2. 2. 2. Torching
IV.1. 2. 2. 3. Biofiltration
IV.1. 3. Comparison of gas treatment processes
IV.1. 4. Conclusions on gaseous effluent treatment processes 112
IV.2. Dust treatment 113
IV.2. 1. Overview 113
IV.2. 2. Conventional dust removal processes 114
IV.2. 2. 1. Mechanical dedusters 114
IV.2. 2. 1. 1. Cyclones
IV.2. 2. 2. Wet dedusters
IV.2. 2. 2. 1. The Venturi
IV.2. 2. 3. Filter media dedusters
IV.2. 2. 3. 1 Bag filters
IV.2. 2. 4. Electrically operated separators
IV.2. 2. 4. 1. Electrofilters
IV.2. 3. Comparison of dust treatment processes
IV.2. 4. Conclusion 114
Chapter V: Treating pollution from mobile sources 131
V.1. Formation of automotive pollutants
V.1.1. Vehicle engines and the pollution they cause
V.1.1. 1. Carburation
V.1.2. Petrol vehicles
V.1. 3 Diesel vehicles
V.1. 4. Emissions of pollutants from vehicles
V.2. Automotive emissions standards and regulations
V.2. 1. In the world
V.2. 2. Regulatory and legislative framework in algeria
V.2. 2. 1. Inventory of fixtures
V.2.2.2.The challenges of fuel consumption regulations in algeria
V.3.Main techniques for reducing vehicle emissions
V.3.1. Techniques applied upstream of the source 132
V.3.2. Techniques applied at source 141
V.3.3.Technique applied downstream of the source 141
V.3. 3. 1The catalyser 141
V.3. 3. 2. Architecture of the catalytic converter 142
V.3. 3. 3. Type of catalytic converter 145
V.3. 3. 4. Principal catalytic reactions involved 146
V.3. 3. 5. Mode of operation of catalytic technologies 147
V.4. Conclusion 150
General conclusion 151
Bibliographical references
