Preface 3
Foreword 5
Table of contents 7
Chapter 1. Properties of fluids 13
1. Introduction 14
2. Definitions 14
3. Thermodynamic relations of ideal gases
4. External forces acting on a fluid volume ♣ Exercises 22
Exercise 1.1: Density and specific weight
Exercise 1.2: Weight of a liquid volume
Exercise 1.3: Dynamic viscosity 23
Exercise 1.4: Experimental determination of dynamic viscosity
Exercise 1.5: Kinematic viscosity 25
Exercise 1.6: Viscous flow over a flat plate
Exercise 1.7: Motion of a flat plate between two fluids
Exercise 1.8: Viscous flow with linear and parabolic velocity profiles
Exercise 1.9: Liquid in rotational motion
Exercise 1.10: Rotational viscometer with coaxial cylinders
Exercise 1.11: Mass density and specific weight
Exercise 1.12: Compressibility coefficient of a liquid
Exercise 1.13: Expansion coefficient of two immiscible liquids
Exercise 1.14: Bulk modulus of a fluid
Exercise 1.15: Surface tension – pulling force on a straight bar
Exercise 1.16: Shape of an air–water interface
Exercise 1.17: Floating of a needle
Exercise 1.18: Height of capillary rise
Exercise 1.19: Height of capillary depression 19
Chapter 2: Fluid statics 59
1. Introduction 60
8 Fluid mechanics 1
2. Fundamental relation of fluid statics
3. Application of the statics relation to an incompressible fluid
4. Application of the fluid statics relation to a compressible fluid
♣ Exercises 65
Exercise 2.1: Polytropic atmosphere 65
Exercise 2.2: Incompressibility of water
Exercise 2.3: Variation of pressure and temperature in the atmosphere
Exercise 2.4: Ocean pressures 70
Exercise 2.5: Superposition of liquids
Exercise 2.6: Calibration of a pressure gauge
Exercise 2.7: Measurement of pressure inside a pipeline
Exercise 2.8: Hydraulic jack 77
Exercise 2.9: Vertical variation of pressure
Exercise 2.10: Inclined U-tube manometer
Exercise 2.11: U-tube containing three liquids
Exercise 2.12: Torricelli barometer 84
Exercise 2.13: Huygens barometer 89
Exercise 2.14: U-tube with two liquids
Exercise 2.15: Two-liquid manometer 93
Exercise 2.16: Communicating-tube system 97
Exercise 2.17: Acid tank 98
Exercise 2.18: Liquid subjected to a horizontal acceleration 60
Exercise 2.19: Water container subjected to uniform rotational motion 107
Exercise 2.20: Hydrostatic tachometer 112
Chapter 3. Pressure forces 117
1. Introduction 118
2. Pressure forces exerted by a liquid on a plane surface 118
3. Pressure force exerted by a liquid on a curved surface 120
4. Submerged and floating bodies 121
♣ Exercises 123
Exercise 3.1: Square gate 123
Exercise 3.2: Thrust moment independent of depth 126
Exercise 3.3: Vertical wall subjected to two different pressure forces 128
Exercise 3.4: Tank with two gates 130
Exercise 3.5: Rectangular drain gate
Exercise 3.6: Flow control valve
Exercise 3.7: Curved surface (quarter-circle)
Exercise 3.8: Face of an arch dam
Exercise 3.9: Four-surface reservoir 146
Exercise 3.10: Pressure force exerted on a three-panel gate
Exercise 3.11: Cylinder subjected to two pressure forces
Exercise 3.12: Archimedes’ buoyant force acting on a solid body
Exercise 3.13: Equilibrium stability of a hollow cylinder
Exercise 3.14: Equilibrium stability of a cone
Exercise 3.15: Transport of wood by free flotation 166
Exercise 3.16: Equilibrium of a sphere floating on water 169
Exercise 3.17: Stability of the equilibrium of a cylinder 133
Exercise 3.18: Stability of the equilibrium of a cubic body floating between two liquids 173
Exercise 3.19: Stability of equilibrium of a floating cubic body 176
Exercise 3.20: Equilibrium of a floating hemisphere on water 178
Chapter 4. Ideal fluid dynamics 181
1. Introduction 182
2. Mass conservation equation 182
3. Momentum conservation equation 182
4. Bernoulli’s equation 183
♣ Exercises 186
Exercise 4.1: Venturi tube with piezometer tubes 186
Exercise 4.2: Venturi tube with a U-Tube mercury manometer 188
Exercise 4.3: Pitot tube connected to a U-tube manometer and a piezometer 190
Exercise 4.4: Measurement of air flow rate 193
Exercise 4.5: Mariotte bottle 194
Exercise 4.6: Flow through a siphon 197
Exercise 4.7: Nozzle supply 199
Exercise 4.8: Hydraulic circuit 203
Exercise 4.9: Draining time of a variable-cross-section reservoir 207
Exercise 4.10: Draining time of a constant cross-section reservoir 212
Exercise 4.11: Draining time of a conical tank
Exercise 4.12: Draining time of a spherical tank 21
Exercise 4.13: Equilibration time of free surfaces in two communicating tanks 220
Exercise 4.14: Draining time of a circuit with a reservoir
Exercise 4.15: Action of a jet on a stationary inclined flat plate
Exercise 4.16: Action of a jet on a vertical, stationary flat plate
Exercise 4.17: Action of a jet on a plate (different downstream cross- sections) 233
Exercise 4.18: Force acting on a reducing elbow
Exercise 4.19: Force on a curved surface
Exercise 4.20: Partial study of a Pelton turbine 237
Chapter 5. Real Fluid Dynamics 253
1. Introduction 254
2. Flow regimes 254
3. Pressure losses 255
♣ Exercises 259
Exercise 5.1: Critical velocity 259
Exercise 5.2: Linear head loss in a cast-iron pipe
Exercise 5.3: Influence of flow rate on the flow regime
Exercise 5.4: Flow of a petroleum oil
Exercise 5.5: Nature of the flow regime
Exercise 5.6: Flow rate in a galvanized pipe
Exercise 5.7: Diameter of a galvanized steel pipe
Exercise 5.8: Pumping system 275
Exercise 5.9: Dynamic and kinematic viscosity
Exercise 5.10: Pipes in series
Exercise 5.11: Gravity-driven flow 287
Exercise 5.12: Outlet pipe from a reservoir
Exercise 5.13: Hydraulic circuit 294
Exercise 5.14: Tunnel of a hydroelectric power plant
Exercise 5.15: Pipe with variable cross-section
Exercise 5.16: Nozzle at the exit of a pipeline 259
Exercise 5.17: Siphon calculation 307
Exercise 5.18: Reduction of a local head loss
Exercise 5.19: Pipeline serving both through-flow and terminal demand 311
Exercise 5.20: Double pipe 317
Nomenclature 323
Bibliography 325
12 Flu