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Geometrical optics

par: Djamila MOKHTARI-BELOUTI
Disponible
Pages 136
Dimensions 16*23,5
Publication 2025-12-16
Éditeur —
Papier : 950.00 DA Numérique: 475.00 DA

This book of geometrical optics corresponds on the student program of Science de la terre et de l'Univert (STU) and Science de la Nature et de la Vie (SNV) and to first-year medical students of the universities of Algeria. It is mainly intended for young students of the first year. Geometrical optics, describes light propagation in terms of rays of light. Light rays are defined to propagate in a rectilinear path (straight line) as they travel in an homogeneous (uniform density and orientation) medium. A consistent reminder of the main course of geometrical optics concepts is at the head of each chapter. It begins after some definitions of the notions of optics, by exposing the laws of Snell- Descart which are the foundations of geometrical optics. It continues with the study of some elementary constituents of all centered systems that are the plane mirrors, the plane and spherical diopter, the prism and the lenses. We consider only the rays in the case of the Gaussian approximation. In this approximation, the light rays are slightly inclined on the axis of the optical systems that they cross. The eye will be presented in this manuscript by assimilating it to an optical system composed of a thin converging lens representing the crystalline lens, and a screen that represents the retina. A study of the principle of some optical instruments such as the magnifying glass and the microscope is at the end of this book. At the end of each chapter exercises are proposed to assimilate the concepts of the course. The proposed exercises are well-chosen, and the answers are provided with explanations. Additional exercises taking into account more than one optical system are proposed in appendix. I hope this work will be useful to students.

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Preface 04
Table of Contents 05
Chapter 1: Fundamental laws of geometrical optics 09
1. Introduction. 10
2. Fermat’s principle. 11
3. Principle of Rectilinear propagation of light. 11
4. Some definitions. 11
5. Stigmatism of a system. 14
6. Principle of the inverse return of light. 14
7. Reflection of light from optical surfaces 15
8. The laws of reflection and refraction. 15
9. Limit refraction (Limit angle). 19
Corrected exercises. 22
Chapter 2: Plane mirror and plane diopter 29
2.1. Plane mirror 30
1. Introduction. 30
2. Image of a point by a plane mirror. 30
3. Conjugation relation. 31
4. Properties of the rotating mirror. 32
5. Field of view of the mirror. 33
6. Multiple plane mirrors. 34
2.2. Plane diopter.
1. Introduction. 34
2. Image of a point by a plane diopter. 34
3. Conjugation relation. 35
4. Stigmatism of a plane diopter. 36
5. Apparent depth. 36
6. Plane-parallel plate. 37
6.1. The path of a ray 38
6.2. The formation of images 39
6.3. Plane between different media 40
Corrected exercises. 41
Chapter 3: Prism 47
1. Introduction. 48
2. Effects of the prism on a laser beam and on white light. 48
3. The path of the ray. 48
4. Conditions of emergence. 50
5. The minimum of deviation. 51
6. The curve 𝐷 = 𝑓(𝑖). 53
Corrected exercises. 55
Chapter 4: Spherical diopter 61
1. Introduction. 62
2. Image of a point by a spherical diopter. 62
3. Conjugation relation. 63
4. Object focus. 64
5. Image focus. 65
6. Construction of the image of an object through a spherical diopter
7. The magnification. 67
Corrected exercises. 68
Chapter 5: Thin lenses 73
1. General.
2. Conditions for obtaining an image.
3. The optical center.
4. Conjugation formula.
5. Vergence. 77
6. Foci.
7. Focal planes. 79
8. Graphical construction of images.
9. Magnification. 85
10.Attached lenses. The vergence theorem. 78
11. Achromatic lenses. 87
Corrected exercises.
Chapter 6: Eye 95
1. Summary anatomy of eye.
2. The reduced eye. 96
3. Accommodation. 97
4. Clear field of vision.
5. Dioptric amplitude of the eye.
6. Eye anomalies. 99
7. Visual acuity of eye. 96
Corrected exercises
Chapter 7: Optical instruments (magnifying glass and microscope). 109
7.1. Magnifying glass. 110
1. Introduction. 110
2. Depth of the object field (Focusing latitude). 110
3. Magnifying glass power. 112
4. Intrinsic power. 113
5. Magnification. 114
6. Commercial magnification. 115
7.2 Microscope. 115
1. The course of the rays. 115
2.Depth of the object field (Focusing latitude) 116
2. Magnifying glass power. 116
3.Power 117
4. Intrinsic power. 118
5. Magnification. 118
6. Commercial magnification. 119
Corrected exercises. 120
Bibliography
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